Lung cancer is the number one American died from cancer

Recently, scientists in the United States for lung adenocarcinoma gene mutation study found that, in this most common form of lung cancer in 26 genes have often mutate. The study results were published in the October 23 "Nature" (Nature) magazine. 

In the United States, lung cancer is the number one fatal cancer. This discovery will facilitate the development of lung cancer diagnosis and individualized treatment of the individual implementation. 

Early detection, early diagnosis 

Each year, all over the world has around one million people will be killed by lung cancer, including 150,000 people of the United States. The most common type of lung cancer are lung adenocarcinoma. In the diagnosis of lung cancer after an average of only 15% of patients can survive more than five years, the earlier found that the earlier the diagnosis, the longest period of its existence. 

The Cancer Sequencing Project (TSP) are from the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)-funded researchers from the United States a number of research centers, including two from Germany. TSP is committed to cancer are more than DNA or genetic blueprint drawn in Group One. 

NHGRI's Acting Director of AlanEGuttmacher doctor pointed out that the study of lung cancer through genome analysis, verified by the diversity of molecular biology of lung cancer. The results of this study will help to carry out a clear direction for future research and help develop new treatment strategies to overcome this common lethal disease. Lung adenocarcinoma is a lethal type of lung cancer, previously has been found that some genes associated with lung cancer, but the TSP study found that many of the number of related genes doubled. 

The study found that in addition to gene mutation, but also found to be involved in lung adenocarcinoma happened signaling pathways of gene regulation, and different subgroups of patients with lung cancer between the genetic differences were analyzed, such as smokers and never smokers, the difference between . 

Look for differences, to find the law 

The majority of cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma happen, because people are with age, DNA mutation caused by, but how DNA mutations lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation does happen, people involved in one of also know little about the biological behavior. 

The study's lead author, Harvard Medical School MatthewMeyerson the doctor pointed out that the study found that from the genetic point of view, different individuals of lung adenocarcinoma differences are very great. Dr. Meyerson explained that through this study found that many new therapeutic targets, both cancer-causing gene (the promotion of tumor gene), and also has tumor-suppressor gene (prevention of tumor gene) of the. 

TSP researchers from 188 cases of patients with lung adenocarcinoma tumor tissue donation extracted DNA, and patients with non-tumor DNA were compared. Will be sequenced after DNA purification, has been suspected to be connected with 623 tumor-related genes were analyzed to detect whether there are mutations.

The results showed that patients with lung cancer in these samples, 26 have occurred in gene mutation, patients with non-tumor samples, compared with significant differences. Before that, scientists have only found less than 12 genes related to lung adenocarcinoma. The following are some of the new gene found in lung adenocarcinoma: 

1. Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) gene. The gene mutation can lead to a very rare occurrence of genetic diseases - type 1 neurofibromatosis (neurofibromatosis1), the performance of the nervous system for the uncontrolled growth of organizations. 

2. Ataxia telangiectasia mutation gene (Ataxia TelangiectasiaMutatedGene, ATM gene). This gene with a variety of leukemia and lymphoma related to children with rare diseases of the nervous system - Ataxia telangiectasia-related. 

3. Retinoblastoma 1 gene (RB1). This gene and retinoblastoma happen, and retinoblastoma in children are a relatively rare occurrence in the eyes of retinal cancer. 

4. Colon neoplasia (adenomatous polyposis coli, APC) gene. The gene mutations associated with colon cancer. 

5.Ephrin receptor A3 and A5 (EPHA3 and EPHA5), neurotrophin receptors (NTRK1 and NTRK3) and other tyrosine irritable? Dependent receptor (ERBB4, KDR and FGFR4). These genes can control tyrosine irritable? The cell receptor, tyrosine irritable? In cell growth, differentiation and death plays a crucial role, but also many new tumor are the main target for therapeutic drugs.

Found after these genetic variations, TSP researchers next will study the genetic variability of the biological pathway, which may be the occurrence of lung cancer is very important. These studies will help to improve the treatment of tumor. 

 Search incentives, seek treatment 

 TSP group found very scientific value, to cite an example, in the study of 188 tumor samples, has 2 / 3 more than at least one control mitogen-activated protein kinase? (MAPK) pathway gene mutation, This indicates that, MAPK happen in lung cancer may play a very important role. This finding suggests that MAPK pathway can be targeted to develop new cancer drugs. Has a class of similar drugs - MEK inhibitors, has been the treatment of colon cancer in mice has demonstrated a hope. 

 TSP team also found that more than 30% of the tumor-control target of rapamycin, mTOR (mammalian targetofrapamycin, mTOR) pathway gene mutation occurred. This means that, for the treatment of organ transplants and renal cell carcinoma rapamycin may have potential in lung cancer treatment. 

 In addition, there are very many of the study findings. For instance, the researchers found that currently used for the treatment of other tumor chemotherapy drugs may be effective for certain types of lung cancer. This is because the lung cancer and other tumor has the role of some common genes. 

 TSP team also analyzed different subsets of patients with lung adenocarcinoma of the genetic differences between groups. Have a comparative one of the smokers and the difference between never-smokers. Found. Has around 10% of the private prosecution of patients with lung cancer have never smoked. Study found that DNA samples from smokers than never smokers have more DNA samples of the mutant gene occurred. Some smokers have up to the tumor in 49 mutation, and never-smokers have no more than five mutations. This difference in treatment for lung cancer what is the significance, but also need more research to clarify. Cancer in other studies carried out indicate that mutations in more tumor will be more rapid progress and treatment will be more difficult. 

 One of the author, Washington University School of Medicine RichardK.Wilson the doctor pointed out that the findings of the study highlights the systematic, large-scale tumor the importance of genome research, and now, it is necessary to use this method in a large number of samples research, but also should be extended to more types of tumor studies go. Which only opened a tumor are the mystery of the iceberg, there are very many unknowns required to study, to be discovered.